Adverbs

Adverbs

Read the following sentences loudly:

1.The girls cheered loudly.

2.She met me there.

3.The school will remain closed tomorrow.

4.My mother always gets up early in the morning.

Now answer the following questions:

1.How did the girls cheer?

     Ans: loudly.

    2. Where did she meet me?

     Ans: there.

    3. When will the school remain closed?

Ans.: tomorrow

In the above sentences, loudly, there, tomorrow and always are adverbs because these are giving more information about the verbs.

The adverbs not only qualify the verbs, but they add to the meaning of adjectives and adverbs also.

     For example

1.The scene is very beautiful.

2.He is running very fast.

1.Adverbs of manners: tell how an action is done in the present, past and in future.

      Such adverbs are formed with the suffixes like -ly, ily, etc.

      Examples

      loudly, carefully, quickly, wrongly, hurriedly

      Easily , happily, readily,

·     The child slept peacefully.

·     He worked hard to get good marks.

·     He asked his father respectfully if he would give him        Rs. 1000/-.

·     He climbed the tower carefully.

·     He solved all the sums easily.

1.Adverbs of time tell us about the time of action

  Examples:

         Today, tomorrow, yesterday, before, after, now, then,               tonight, earlier, recently, lately, yet, still, just now

·     He has finished his work just now.

·     She ahs seen this film recently.

·     He met me yesterday.

·     Will you go to Delhi tomorrow?

2.Adverbs of frequency tell us how often and how frequently an action takes place. daily, everyday, often, always, sometimes, seldom, never, ever, frequently, once, twice, thrice

       Examples:

·     Once there was a king.

·     He always goes to a temple.

·     She eats fruit twice a day.

·     Sometimes I do yoga and meditation.

3. Adverbs of place tell us about the place of action.

          Examples

          There, here, inside, outside, upstairs, downstairs

·     What were you doing outside the temple?

·     The mouse hid itself inside its hole.

·     He went up the hill.

·     I saw her coming downstairs.

4.Adverbs of degree

Hard, harder, hardest, fully, completely...

Examples;

(i)   She sang loudly.

(ii)  She sang louder than her sister.

(iii) She sang loudest of all other singers of the team.

(iv) She was utterly responsible for the delay.

5.Adverbs of interrogation: These adverbs are used to frame questions.

Examples:

· Why do you tell a lie?

· Where do you come from?

· When do you get up?

· How do you pass your time these days?

Exercise: Underline the Adverbs in the following sentences

1.It has been raining heavily for the last four days.

2.Have you ever gone late to your school/

3.I had nearly reached my house when the rain started.

4.How are you?

5.Where from have you found my lost watch?

6.Come forward and get your reward.

7.Don’t go behind. Come openly to say what you want.

8.Go straight for five minutes and you will find a big building there.

9.He usually smokes when he is alone in the house.

10. Immediately he ran towards the village.

11. The mice will play when the cat is away.

12. Make hay while the sun shines.

13. The spider tried nine-times and at last climbed the wall.

14. God is everywhere.

15. I tried hard to pacify him.

16. If you fail, the responsibility will be entirely yours.

17. He cheerfully accepted the offer.

18. Now, you will demand more money from me.

19. She wept bitterly when her father scolded her.

20. He willingly joined the army.

Placement of Adverbs

1.If the verb is transitive (the verb that needs an object), the adverbs of time, manner and place are put after the object.

 If the verb is intransitive (the verb that does not require an object), the adverbs are put after the verb

·     The hungry man ate food greedily.( food is object)

·     She wept bitterly.( There is no object in this sentence)

2.The adverbs of degree, frequency and manner are usually put between the subject and the verb if the verb is only of one word. In case the verb consists of more than one word, the adverb is placed after the first word of the verb phrase.

·     I never abuse anyone.

·     I have never abused anyone.

·     It always rained heavily here.

·     It has always been raining heavily here since last year.

3.To put emphasis on the adverb of time, they can be placed in the beginning of the sentence.

·     Yesterday, I went to Delhi to meet my old friend.

·     Recently I have met Amitab Bachchan.

4.Modifiers of adverbs and adjective are put before them.

·     It is a very lovely car.

·     She sat down quite silently near the window and started shedding her tears.

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Active and Passive Voice/ Change of Voice

Active and Passive Voice/ Change of Voice

( Source: S. Chauhan Institute of English: 98135-81301)

Dear students, the sentences we write or speak are generally in active or in passive voice.

Question: Can we change all active sentences in passive voice?

Ans. No, we cannot change all the active sentences in passive voice. This is because some active sentences do not need objects.

It means the sentences which need objects can be changed into passive construction.

What are transitive and intransitive verbs?

If the verb in a sentence needs an object, it is called transitive verb. But the verb that does not need any object is called intransitive verb.

So it is necessary to find out an object in an active sentence.

How to find out an object in an active sentence?

(i)                         Pick out the main verb from the sentence.

(ii)                      Put question ‘what’ or ‘whom’ to it.

(iii)                   Answer will be supplied by the object.

(iv)                   If there is only one object in the sentence, it is called direct object.

(v)                      If there are two objects, the one that gives the answer to ‘whom’ is indirect one.

See the following examples:

(i)   I composed an e-mail to my friend yesterday.

Main verb= composed

Question: Composed what?

Answer: e-mail. It is a direct object.

(ii)                      I composed an e-mail to her yesterday.

Question: to whom?

Answer: my friend

So ‘my friend’  is indirect object.

Rules to change active voice in passive voice:

Active sentence:

Subject + verb + object

I          composed   an e-mail   to my friend yesterday.

Passive sentence:

Object             + Verb+           by+      subject

 

An e-mail     was composed        by         me         to my friend yesterday

Active Sentences Subject + verb+ object          1.    (a) V-1 with or             without   ‘s’ or ‘es’          (b) Do/does+ V-1       1.  V-2/did+ V-1       3. is/am/are+ V- 1(ing)          4.was/were+V-1(ing) 5.has/have+V-3 6. had +V-3      7. will/shall have+V-3    8. Sentences with modal  Verbs

Passive Sentences Object+  Verb+  bY + subject  1. Is/am/are + V-3 2. Was/were + V-3 (3) is/am/ are+ being + V-3+by+Sub (4) was/ were+being+V-3+by+Sub (5) has/have+ been +V-3+by+Sub 6.had+V-3+been+V-3+by+Sub 7. will/shall have+ been+ by+ Sub (8) Model. Aux.V+be+V-3-  by+ Sub

B)   Imperative Sentences

        Beginning with:

  V-1    (a) You are ordered to…

           (b) You are advised to…..

           (c) You are told to…..

Do not + V-1 = You are advised not to…..

Please+V-1       You are requested to……

Rules: 

(i)                         Active sentences in Present Simple Tense:

First form of verb with or without ‘s’ or ‘es’ /do, does+ v-1 changed in is/am/are+ v-3

( Source: S. Chauhan Study Centre for English Language: 98135-81301)

Active Sentence 1.  I like sweets.         2.  She always helps the needy students. 3.  I do not tell a lie. 4.  Do you play cricket? 5.  Why do you not obey your elders? 6.  Who teaches you Maths.?

Passive Sentence 1.  Sweets are liked by me 2.  The needy students are always helped by her. 3.  A lie is not told my me. 4.  Is cricket played by you? 5.  Why are your elders not obeyed by you? 6.  By whom are you taught Maths.?

Prepositions Part-3

6.Use of ‘from’

It shows departure or separation from its source or origin.

1.He has plucked a mango from the tree.

2.They started their journey from Banglore.

3.                        I will take classes from 10 a.m. to 1:30 p.m.

4.Read this book from page 10 to 30.

1.I will study this book from the very beginning.

2.This passage has been taken from the lesson ‘The Ten Great Lives’

3.Where are you coming from?

4.Nek Chand had made a beautiful rock garden from the waste material.

1.            Use of ‘above’

                ‘Above’ is used to show that the number or the quantity of something is more than the other.

 For example

1.The students getting 80 percent or above marks will be given a good prize.

2.Shimla is about 8000 feet above the sea level.

3.While swimming, keep your head above the surface of water.

4.You have spent above than what I had expected.

 8. Use of ‘over’

‘Over’ is used in different ways. It shows something above, but it sometimes shows covering all sides.

For example

1.The airplane was flying over the city when it crashed suddenly. (It shows at a height.)

2.When you reach over forty, you should start doing exercises. (It shows more than...)

3.He spread a new bed sheet over the bed. (It shows touching the surface and covering all sides.)

4.The sun was shining over our heads when we reached the half way to our destination.

5.Many eagles started hovering over our heads.

6.He has toured all over the world. (It means he has visited every country of the world.)

7.The time is almost over. (Here ‘over’ shows the end)

9.‘Across’

It is used to show ‘one end to the other end’.

He went across the river.

10.Under

1.The cat was sitting under the table.

2.I cannot work under him.

3.There was a cricket match between the boys under twenty.

4.The police arrested him under suspicion.

 11. Below: It means less than/ lower than…

1.The students below the age of ten cannot take part in this game.

2.It is below my dignity to work with him. ( beneath is preferred in abstract context)

12. Beneath: It has meaning similar to that of under.

                                   It is below my dignity to work with him.(beneath is preferred in abstract context.

13. Down: It denotes something lower than/from a higher point.

1.He could not stop her tears rolling down her cheeks.

2.He went down stairs.

3.Keep your head down.

4.All down-trains are late today.

5.Are you going downtown?

6.He came down the hill.

7.He sat down on the floor.

14. Up: It means to a higher position.

He went up the hill.

15. Between: It is used when anything is distributed and the number is two, not more than that.

                 Distribute these toffees between them. (It is understood that the number will be two only.)

16. Among: It is used if the number of the recipients is more than two.

                  He distributed the toffees among the children.

17. Beside: It means very near.

                  Please sit beside me.

18. Besides: It means in addition to something.

            Besides his salary, he gets more incentive from his company.

19. Behind: It means at the back of something.

                   He stood at the back of the front row.

20.  By: It has several meaning.  See the following sentences.

·     This toy has been made by Ritu.

·     Please come by 4 o’clock.

·     He came and sat by (beside) me.

·     He goes to his college by bus.

·     He caught him by the collar.

21. 'with': It means in the company of somebody, an instrument, etc.

Come with me. (showing company)

 Write with a pen, not with a pencil. (pen as an instrument)

He is not satisfied with the property he has. (with shows possession)

The boy with a book in his hand is a teacher’s son. (possession)

She was shivering with cold. (showing cause)

22. of: It is used to show that something is a part of another thing. But it also denotes several more things.

·     This table is made of precious wood.

·     He is a man of his words.

·     The fruit of this tree is bitter.

·     He has died of heart attack. (showing cause or reason)

 22. Use of 'down'

 From a high or higher point on something to a lower one

1.The stone rolled down the hill.

2.Tears ran down her face.

3.Her hair hung down her back to her waist.

23 along: towards the direction in which you are facing

1.He lives just down the street.

2.Go down the road till you reach the traffic lights.

3.There's a bridge a mile down the river from here.