Sunday 19 December 2021
Saturday 18 December 2021
Monday 29 November 2021
Tuesday 23 November 2021
Sunday 21 November 2021
Monday 25 October 2021
Tuesday 21 September 2021
Saturday 18 September 2021
Wednesday 1 September 2021
Sunday 29 August 2021
Saturday 28 August 2021
The Verb-Finite-Non Finite Verbs-Transitive-Intransitive Verbs
All about The Verb
· What is a verb?
· Can a verb be of only one word?
· Can you think of a sentence without a verb?
· Do all verbs show action?
· What are action verbs and auxiliary verbs?
· What are transitive and intransitive verbs?
· What are finite and non finite verbs?
Dear
students, verb is the most important element of a sentence.
It
tells about an action, a state or a condition occurring in present, past and
future.
A verb-phrase may be of two
words or of three four and even of five words.
One-
word- verb is the root or the base form of the verb or.
For
example
1.He goes to temple daily to worship God.
(one word)
2.He made me laugh.
3.He has promised to help me.(two words)
4.Dinner has been cooked by my mother. (three
words)
5.Dinner has not been laid on the table yet.
(four words)
6.The work will not have been done by them. (five
words)
A
verb may have an auxiliary verb.
List of Auxiliary
Verbs:
(i)
Be-type
verbs: is/am/are (present forms)
was/were (past forms)
(ii)
Have-type
verbs: Has/have (Present forms) Had
(Past form)
(iii)
Do-type
verbs: Do/does (Present forms) did (Past form)
Modal Auxiliary
Verbs:
Can could
may might
Will shall
would should
Must dare
need used ought
An Auxiliary or a helping verb
can be used as main verb only. In that case, it will be called a Primary Verb,but a modal auxiliary verb cannot be
used as a Primary verb.
For
example
Is,
am, are, was, were, has, have and had
For
example
1.He is my best
friend.(‘is’ as a primary verb)
2.He is sleeping at
this time.(‘is’ is a helping verb)
3.You are the only
person who can help me.
4.I have a story to
tell you.
Every sentence must
have at least a verb.
See
the following sentences:
He
is the student of class VI.
She
does not tell a lie.
Why
are you so angry?
He
has a few acres of land.
In
the above sentences, the verbs are:
Is, does not tell,
are, has
What are the action verbs?
In
the sentence (2), tell is the
action verb. It refers to the action of telling lie.
Some more examples
of action verbs:
( to ) go, ( to
speak, ( to ) write,( to ) laugh, (to) smile,( to ) think,
( to) hate, etc.
· Some actions are
visible and some are invisible.
· You can notice some
actions through your eyes. But there are actions which are not visible through
eyes. They can be felt.
For
example, if you hate someone, the feeling of hatred can’t be seen by others
because the feeling of hatred is in your mind. However you can show your hatred
through some actions.
Your
action of writing, laughing, smiling, going and speaking is visible.
See the use of the
following sentences:
1.I am
hungry.
2.Her mother is
a teacher.
3.These days he is very busy.
4.The Taj Mahal is
situated near the bank of the Yamuna.
5.He was
very interested in your song.
6.They were
not my enemies.
In
the above sentences, am ,is, was, and were are the be-
type primary verbs.
These
verbs show the state or the condition of a situation / a thing or of mind.
Is, am, and are show the condition
or the state in the Present Time.
Was and were show the condition
or the state in the Past Time
To form negative of the be-type verbs ‘not’ is placed after them.
For
example:
He
is not a fool.
They are
not ready to go to Libya
To form the interrogative sentence, be- type verb ‘is’ put in front of the subjects.
Is
he a fool?
Are they ready to go to
Libya?
In the sentences
beginning with interrogative pronouns and interroagtive adverbs of w
or wh type, be- type verbs are put
after them.
For example:
What
is this?
Who
is your brother?
Why
are you so sad?
We often use the contraction form of these verbs in spoken English,
I
am = I’m
She
is = She’s
He
is = He’s
It
is = It’s
Mohan
is = Mohan’s
You
are = you’re
They
are = they’re
The
negative contractions are:
Am
not = aren’t
Are
not = aren’t
Is
not = isn’t
Was
not = wasn’t
Were
not = weren’t
Verbs are transitive and intransitive also.
Transitive Verb: The verb that
needs an object is called transitive
verb. For example,
He
writes
a letter.
To
find out an object form a sentence is very easy. Put question ‘what’ to the
main verb of the sentence. The answer will be the object of the verb.
In
the above sentence ‘He writes a letter’, the main verb is ‘writes’. Now put
question ‘what’ to it. ‘Writes what?’ The answer will be: a letter.
Objects
are also of two types.
1. Direct object 2. Indirect object
See
the sentence: Cow gives us milk.
In
this sentence, ‘ milk’ is direct and ‘us’ is indirect object.
Now
find out objects from the following sentences:
1.She has told
nothing to me.
2.They were solving
their problems.
3.He gave me a book.
4.He made me the
captain of the team.
5.He said that he is
a fool.
6.Those who live in
glass houses should not throw stones at others.
Ans. 1. .nothing, me 2. .their problems 3.
.me, a book 4 .me 5. .that he is a fool 6. .stones
Finite and
Non-finite Verbs
Finite verbs:
1.The first form with
or without ‘s’ or ‘es’ in Simple Present
Tense and the second form in Simple
Past Tense are finite verbs.
2.All be-type (is,
are, am, was, were)
3.All have-type verbs
(has, have, had)
4.All do-type verbs
(do, does, did)
5.All modal auxiliary
verbs (can-could, may-might, will-shall, would-should, dare, need, used, ought)
Pick up the finite
verbs from the following sentences:
1.He believes in superstitions.
2.She does not obey her father.
3.I get up early in the morning.
4.We have not done our work yet.
5.She has been waiting for you.
6.I can do this work easily.
7.You ought to respect your teachers.
Non-finites are:
(A)
Infinitive
1.Infinitive with to:
He stood up to ask a question.
2.Bare infinitive: I
can do this work.
(B)
Gerund: Swimming is a good habit.
(C)
Participle:
1. Present Participle: I am taking bath.
2. Past Participle: He is very disappointed.
3. Perfect Participle: Having finished my work, I went to sleep.
===================================================
Wednesday 18 August 2021
Saturday 14 August 2021
Friday 13 August 2021
Wednesday 11 August 2021
Saturday 7 August 2021
Friday 6 August 2021
Wednesday 14 July 2021
Present Perfect Tense-Its Usage
Present Perfect Tense
Hindi sentences of this
tense a has the following ending words:
Chuka hai, chuke
hai, chuki hai, ya hai, ye hain, yee hai
All recently
done activities are shown in this Tense
No specific
time of occurrence is shown
Key words: recently, lately, now, just now, so far, ever, yet, this year, never,
already
Use: has/have+ 3rd
form of verb
Has+3rd form of the verb with: he, she, it, and singular third-person nouns.
Have +3rd form of the verb with I, we, you, they, and third-person plural nouns.
Examples:
(i)
I have done
my homework just now.
(ii)
They have seen
this film recently.
(iii)
You have not done
your work yet.
(iv)
My sister has done
M.A. this year.
(v)
Have you
ever seen
the Taj Mahal?
Simple Past Tense-Past Simple Tense-Past Indefinite Tense
2. Simple Past Tense:
Hindi sentences of this
tense
has the following ending
words:
ya, ye, yee
Used in:
The activities finished in
past showing the specified time of the occurrence.
Keywords: yesterday, last, in 1980,
10 years ago
Positive Sentences: Use the 2nd form of the word.
With all types of
subjects, we use 2nd form of the verb.
Examples:
Positive Sentences:
(i)
He stole
my book yesterday.
(ii)
Last year, we went to Shimla during our winter holidays.
(iii)
In 1987,
I got a Govt. job.
(iv)
I saw the Taj
Mahal 10 years ago.
Keywords: yesterday, last, in 1987, ago
Negative and Interrogative sentences are made with did + Ist form of the verb
Subject+ did not+ 1st form of verb
They +did not + go + (any phrase)
to school yesterday.
(i)
He did not steal my book yesterday.
(ii)
We did not go to Shimla during the summer vacation last year.
(iii)
I did not get a Govt job in 1987.
(iv)
I did not see the Taj Mahal 10 years ago.
Interrogative Sentences:
(i)
Did he steal your book?
(ii)
Did we go to
Shimla during the summer holidays last year?
(iii)
Why did you tell
a lie yesterday in front of the teacher?
(iv)
Who stole your
watch yesterday?
Exercises: Simple
Past Tense
(i)
She always criticised her husband when She sat in
front of her.
(ii)
Atul’s father never told a lie.
(iii)
We wanted to study when you disturbed us.
(iv)
Where did you go
on Sunday last?
Practice of Simple
Past Tense:
Topics: 1. A Horrible
Dream 2. How you once bunked from School 3. How You Passed Your Last Sunday 4.
How You Celebrated Your Last Birthday 5. Any Visit 6. What Arrangement You did for the Marriage
of your Sister 7. When I was cheated by some roadside Sadhu 8. When My pocket
was picked.... 9. The day when everything went wrong. .... 10. The day when I
woke late and got late for school. 11. When I was wrongly punished by my
teacher...12. When I was caught in heavy rains and thundershower...13. When I
saved a boy from being drowned...14. When I prepared a dish in which I put a lot of salt and red chili 15. The Happiest Day of My Life
Tuesday 13 July 2021
The Use of Articles-a-an-the
The Use of Articles
Two
types: 1. Indefinite 2. Definite
Indefinite articles: 1. An 2. A
(I)
The
Use of ‘An’
(1)
‘An’ is used in front of singular countable nouns which begin
with the following vowel sounds:
(i)
‘A’
as in army
(ii)
‘e’
as in ‘enemy’
(iii)
‘I’
in Indian
(iv)
‘o’
in officer
(v)
‘u’
in ‘umbrella’
An
inkpot, an engineer, an apple, an ambassador, an island, an onion
(2)
There are some words in English,
that begin with consonants but sound like vowels. We use ‘an’ in front of such
words also.
(i)
His father is an M. L. A.
(ii)
Is your father an S. D. O. in P.W.D.
department?
Similarly we have, an honest person, an heir
(3)
The word ‘university' begins with a vowel letter, but it
gives the sound of a consonant, so, ‘a’ will be used in front of it.
· This
is ……………. university.
(II)
Use of ‘a’
(i)
When a singular countable noun is mentioned for the first time a/an is used in front
of it.
(a)
He lives in a hut.
(b)
I need a car these days.
(i)
When a singular countable noun is used to represent a class or a type, a/an is used.
(a)
A television is necessary for all the
families.
(b)
A motor-cycle is very useful.
(c) A computer needs careful handling.
(ii)
In
front of the names of professions, a/an is used.
(a)
My father is a teacher.
(b)
Is he a businessman?
(c) He is a singer.
(d)
You are a very good comedian.
(iii)
With
the expressions like:
A
lot of, a great deal of, many a, a great number of, a few, a little, a little
bit of, a couple of days, a pair of, one and a half kg , such a ...., What a
....., a Mr. Khanna ( a person who is called Mr. Khanna)
1.
There are………………………..lot of students in
our school.
2.
There
are…………………………..few men working in the fields.
3.
There is ………little water in the jug.
4.
What………..beautiful scene it is!
5.
He is such …………………person as cannot be
believed.
6.
……….Mr. Khanna came to meet you.
7.
I bought ……..pair of shoes from the
market yesterday.
8.
In …………couple of days, I will come to
meet you.
In
the following situations a/an and ‘the’ is not used.
1.
In
front of the names of meals, no ‘a’ or ‘an’ is used.
· I
eat dinner at 9 p.m.
· Have
you eaten breakfast?
In
the above sentences, dinner and breakfast are usual features of a routine. So,
no article is needed here.
2. But for
specific breakfast, lunch, and dinner, an article is used.
· The
dinner we had at Karnal Haveli was marvellous.
Use
of the Definite Article ‘the’
It can be used in front of both, singular and
plural nouns
1.
‘the’
is used in front of unique things:
The
railway station, the bus stand, the earth, the moon, the east, the west, the
north, the south, the sun, the pole star, the equator, the stars,
2. Sometimes a noun or a noun phrase
is made specific by adding a phrase or a relative clause to it. Then ‘the’ is
used before it.
· The
boy who is wearing a red shirt is my friend.
· The
lady with flowers in her hands
is a stranger.
· ………….. dog which
is standing outside is very smart.
3. Repetition of a noun also makes it
unique or particular.
· There
was a king. He had four sons. The sons were very lazy. One day the king decided to make his sons
active.
4. In front of the superlative
degree of the adjective ‘the’ is used.
· Rubi
is the most intelligent girl in her
class.
· Alice
is the wisest girl in her family.
5. In front of the ordinal number
‘the’ is used.
· She
is the first girl of this village to
have been selected as the leader of a mountaineering team.
· My
father will return from abroad on the twenty-second of this month.
6. In front of famous mountain
ranges, mountains, seas, islands, meaningful names of some states and
countries, famous newspapers, magazines, religious books, sacred rivers, etc.
Examples: The Himalayas, the
Shivalik hills, The Andaman Islands, the Arabian sea, the Pacific ocean, The Bay of Bengal, the U.S.A., the Uttar Pradesh, The Tribune, The
Times of India, The Illustrated Weekly, The Time, The Gita, The Quran, The
Ramayana, The Ganga, The Sarswati, etc.
7. In front of some adjectives when
used as nouns:
The poor, the rich, the
downtrodden, the deprived, the oppressed, etc.
8. When a famous person’s name is
used as an adjective, ‘the’ is used.
· Kalidas
is called the Shakespeare of India.
· Neha
is the Lata of our school.
9. In front of ‘whole’ and after ‘both’
and ‘all’, ‘the’ is used.
· The
whole world knows.........
· All
the boys of this school........
· Both
the friends.........
10.
Usually,
‘the’ article is used in front of the superlative degree of an adjective, but,
there is a situation when ‘the’ is used in front of the comparative degree of
adjective.
The higher you go, the cooler it
is.
11.
When
context is already clear to the listener, ‘the’ can be used.
A. (to B): Where is your father?
B.: He is in the study.
Similarly, A: Where is the book? B: It is lying on the table.
Omission
of the definite article ‘the’
1.
In front of proper nouns, ‘the’ is not
used.
(a)
Delhi
is the capital of India.
(b)
Solan
is not a far-off place from Chandigarh.
(c)
Rohit
studies
in class X
2. In front of abstract nouns, names
of games, meals, and material nouns, we should not use ‘the’. But in their
particular use ‘the’ is used.
(a)
Honesty is the best policy.
But we can say:
· ‘The
honesty in Mr. .. is marvellous.
· ‘The artist in him is still alive.’
· Kapil
plays golf as well as cricket but the cricket in him
is vigorous.
· I
usually eat simple dinner at 9 p.m.
but the dinner I ate at Sapphire was very spicy.
· Gold is
a precious metal. But we can also say, ‘The
gold of this necklace is not pure.’
· Wheat is
sown in the month of November. The wheat
which I sowed in Nov. last year did not grow properly.
3.
Before parts of the body, no
article is used, but, in particular use, ‘the’ is preferred.
(a)
The teacher hit the child on the head.
(b)
He patted his back.
(c)The ball hit him on the forehead.
4.
When man and women are used
in general sense, ‘the’ is not used, but in particular case, ‘the’ is used.
Man
is a social animal.
Women
are worshipped in civilized societies.
5.
When we mean human nature by the word
‘nature’, we can use ‘the’. But when we mean the world of vegetation,
mountains, fields, and all the creatures associated with nature, ‘the’ is not
used.
· William
Wordsworth was a great worshipper of Nature.
· The
nature of Mr. Khanna is very good.
6.
In
front of languages, we do not use ‘the’, but in front of nationalities, we use
‘the’.
· The
French speak French.
· The
English speak English.
7. We do not use articles the in
front of some places or buildings if the speaker uses them for their basic
purposes.
Such
buildings and places are school, hospital, church, temple,
mosque, office, market, etc.
For example, a school is built for the purpose of imparting education. If the
speaker goes to school as a student, he/she cannot use ‘the before it.
(i)
I did not go to school yesterday.
(ii)
At what time do you go to office?
(iii)
I went to hospital yesterday.
(iv)
I often go to market in the evening.
(v)
She goes to church every day.
(vi)
I go to bed at 10 p. m. daily.
(vii)
His son went to sea 10 years ago and has not returned yet. (as a sailor or an employee at a ship)
But,
‘the’ can be used when these places are visited for not their basic or primary
purposes. (i) I
went to the hospital to see a patient yesterday. (ii) She goes to the hospital to
distribute medicines and fruit to the poor patients. (iii) We go to the sea daily in the evening. (for
strolling on the sea beach)
Exercises
on the use of articles:
Exercise
1. Use (a) an (b) the (c) a (d) x
1.
His father is ...........businessman.
2.
I met ................ old friend of
mine yesterday.
3.
.........Shivalik hills are near
Chandigarh.
4.
.........Mount Abu is in Rajasthan.
5.
His brother is ...........idealist.
6.
Rajjaq is .................heir to the
property of his father.
7.
I took a patient to .............
hospital yesterday.
8.
He loves playing ................... cricket.
9.
Usually I go to ...................bed
at 10 p.m.
10.
He went to............sea when he was just of
17.
11.
In our country, .......... poor are becoming poorer and
............. rich are becoming richer day by day.
12.
I bought ........... necklace, ...............
umbrella and some fruit from ............ market yesterday
13.
He threw .................. ball which hit
................ man who was coming from ............ opposite direction.
14.
East or west, home is .............. best.
15.
Atul is ................ most intelligent boy
in his class.
Exercise2.
I went to .....1.....
village yesterday. It is 10 km from here. I reached ....2....... bus stand to
catch .......3....... bus. While walking, I found some children playing near
......4..... bye-pass road. One of them picked up....5..... stone and threw
towards ......6......bus coming from
Ambala. .......7..... stone hit ......8......passenger
who was looking out of .....9....window.
........10.......head of .....11......passengers started bleeding profusely. ....12........conductor
of ......13.........bus whistled at once to stop ...14..... bus. It was stopped
in no time. Some passengers got down of ...15.....bus and ran towards ......16.......children
who also had already started running as they had seen ....17....... bus stopping
and ......18..... passengers coming towards them.